Triple Helix or Quadruple Helix: Which Model of Innovation to Choose for Empirical Studies?
Summary. This paper compares the Triple Helix and Quadruple Helix models of innovation to clarify which researchers should use in empirical studies. The authors review how these models appear in existing literature and find three different views on how they relate to each other, ranging from treating them as separate to fully integrated. They identify strengths and weaknesses of each model and conclude the models are largely complementary, offering potential for combined use in analyzing modern innovation processes.
Cite this article
Cai, Y., & Lattu, A.. (2021). Triple Helix or Quadruple Helix: Which Model of Innovation to Choose for Empirical Studies?. Minerva. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-021-09453-6
Cai, Yuzhuo, and Annina Lattu. “Triple Helix or Quadruple Helix: Which Model of Innovation to Choose for Empirical Studies?.” Minerva, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-021-09453-6.
Cai, Yuzhuo, and Annina Lattu. 2021. “Triple Helix or Quadruple Helix: Which Model of Innovation to Choose for Empirical Studies?.” Minerva. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-021-09453-6.
@article{cai-2021-triple-helix-quadruple-helix-which,
title = {Triple Helix or Quadruple Helix: Which Model of Innovation to Choose for Empirical Studies?},
author = {Yuzhuo Cai and Annina Lattu},
journal = {Minerva},
year = {2021},
doi = {10.1007/s11024-021-09453-6},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-021-09453-6}
}
TY - JOUR TI - Triple Helix or Quadruple Helix: Which Model of Innovation to Choose for Empirical Studies? AU - Yuzhuo Cai AU - Annina Lattu JO - Minerva PY - 2021 DO - 10.1007/s11024-021-09453-6 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-021-09453-6 ER -
Details
- DOI
- 10.1007/s11024-021-09453-6
- Countries
- Finland, China
- Regions
- Europe, Asia
- Categories
- innovation-theory, regional-innovation-systems, general-innovation
- Added
- 2026-04-28