Innovation in Innovation: The Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government Relations

Henry Etzkowitz · 2003 · Social Science Information

Summary. Universities, industry, and government increasingly collaborate in a 'Triple Helix' model that drives innovation. Universities now actively commercialize knowledge and incubate technology firms. Companies invest in research and training as they advance technologically. Government functions as both entrepreneur and venture capitalist alongside its regulatory role. This interactive approach replaces linear innovation models, with institutions adopting each other's practices to create hybrid innovation ecosystems.

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Etzkowitz, H.. (2003). Innovation in Innovation: The Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government Relations. Social Science Information. https://doi.org/10.1177/05390184030423002

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  year    = {2003},
  doi     = {10.1177/05390184030423002},
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Details

DOI: 10.1177/05390184030423002
Countries: United States
Regions: North America
Categories: innovation-theory, innovation-networks, regional-innovation-systems, general-innovation
Added: 2026-04-28