Navigating shadow education for higher education access in conflict-affected Syria: voices of rural secondary students

Anas Hajar, Mehmet Karakuş · 2026 · Cambridge Journal of Education

Summary. In rural Syria, 32% of Grade 12 students use fee-based private tutoring to prepare for higher education entrance exams. Students attend tutoring centers multiple times weekly, driven mainly by academic goals rather than family pressure. Attendance frequency and tutoring format predict perceived effectiveness. Private tutoring functions as both a survival strategy in conflict-affected areas and a mechanism that deepens educational inequality by favoring wealthier families.

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@article{hajar-2026-navigating-shadow-education-higher-education,
  title   = {Navigating shadow education for higher education access in conflict-affected Syria: voices of rural secondary students},
  author  = {Anas Hajar and Mehmet Karakuş},
  journal = {Cambridge Journal of Education},
  year    = {2026},
  doi     = {10.1080/0305764x.2026.2668112},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1080/0305764x.2026.2668112}
}

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Navigating shadow education for higher education access in conflict-affected Syria: voices of rural secondary students
AU  - Anas Hajar
AU  - Mehmet Karakuş
JO  - Cambridge Journal of Education
PY  - 2026
DO  - 10.1080/0305764x.2026.2668112
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1080/0305764x.2026.2668112
ER  - 

Details

DOI

10.1080/0305764x.2026.2668112

Countries

Syria

Categories

education, policy, general-innovation

Added

2026-09-01