Shadow education in rural Kazakhstan: patterns and implications for access to higher education

Anas Hajar, Mehmet Karakuş · 2026 · Research Papers in Education

Summary. In rural Kazakhstan, 41% of Grade 11 students pay for private tutoring to prepare for university entrance exams, despite financial hardship. Face-to-face tutoring dominates, though online options help overcome distance. Female students report greater confidence, but lower-income families experience financial strain and stress. The study calls for quality regulations and state-funded tutoring programs to ensure equitable access to higher education across rural and urban areas.

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@article{hajar-2026-shadow-education-rural-kazakhstan-patterns,
  title   = {Shadow education in rural Kazakhstan: patterns and implications for access to higher education},
  author  = {Anas Hajar and Mehmet Karakuş},
  journal = {Research Papers in Education},
  year    = {2026},
  doi     = {10.1080/02671522.2026.2657816},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2026.2657816}
}

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Shadow education in rural Kazakhstan: patterns and implications for access to higher education
AU  - Anas Hajar
AU  - Mehmet Karakuş
JO  - Research Papers in Education
PY  - 2026
DO  - 10.1080/02671522.2026.2657816
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2026.2657816
ER  - 

Details

DOI

10.1080/02671522.2026.2657816

Countries

Kazakhstan

Regions

Asia

Categories

education, rural-data-and-definitions, general-innovation

Added

2026-04-29